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Advanced language practice Vince

Сумата се прибавя директно в кошницата

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Contents
Introduction viii Present time

Basic contrasts: present simple and present continuous State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs State verbs normally without a continuous form Difference of meaning in stative and active verbs Other uses of present continuous Other uses of present simple Future time

Basic contrasts: will, going to, present continuous Future continuous Future perfect

Other ways of referring to the future Other future references

Past time

Basic contrasts: past simple and past continuous

Past perfect simple and continuous

Used to and would

Unfulfilled past events

Polite forms

Contrast with present perfect verb forms

Present perfect

Present perfect simple

Present perfect continuous

Time expressions with the present perfect

Units 1-4 Passive 1

Basic uses of the passive Mentioning or not mentioning the agent Passive 2

Have and get something done, need doing

Passive get

Reporting verbs

Verbs with prepositions

Comr >n contexts for the passive

Conditionals

Basic usage: truths, real situations, hypothetical situations (present and past)

Variations: if only, unless and other alternatives to if, past, events with results in the present, should, were to, happen to, if it were not for, if it hadn’t been for, will / would
Grammar 2
Grammar 3
Grammar 4

Consolidation 1 Grammar 5

Grammar 6

Other ways of making a conditional sentence: supposing, otherwise, but for, if so, if not, colloquial omission of if, if and adjectives, (f meaning although

Unreal time and subjunctives 54

It’s time Wishes

Id rather / Id prefer (followed by a clause)

As if, as though Suppose and imagine Formal subjunctives Formulaic subjunctive

Units 5-8 60

Modals: present and future 65

Don’t have to and must not: absence of obligation, obligation not to do something

Should and ought to: expectation, recommendation, criticism of an action, uncertainty with verbs of thinking, with be and adjectives describing chance, after in case to emphasize unlikelihood Could: possibility or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives to express possibility or impossibility, suggestions, unwillingness Can: criticism, capability

Must and cant: certainty, present time reference only

May and might: although clauses, may / might as well, possibility

or uncertainty, with try

Shall: certainty, what the speaker wants to happen, in formal rules

Will: assumption, intention, to refuse or insist

Would: to express a conditional sense

Need and need to: need to not a modal, need partly a modal

Dare: with and without to

Related non-modal expressions: had better, be bound to Modals: past 72

Had to and didn’t have to: past obligation or absence of obligation

Should have and ought to have: expectation, criticism of an

action, should have and verbs of thinking, with be and

adjectives describing chance, polite expressions

Could have and couldn't have: past possibility or uncertainty, with

comparative adjectives, unwillingness

Could: past pv. nission or ability, compared with could have

May have and might have: past possibility, uncertainty, to

express annoyance

Must have and can’t have: certainty, with surely Would not: unwillingness

Would have: events in the past which did not happen, assumptions

Needn’t have and didn’t need to: unnecessary actions done and not done

Adverbs and modals: easily, just, really, well

Inversion 78

Inversion

Inversion after negative adverbials Inversion after so / such with that Inverted conditional sentences without if

Emphasis 85

Changing word order to change focus Adding words for emphasis Other means

Units 9-12 92

Reported speech 97

Problems: reported speech with modals, with conditionals, don’t think Reporting verbs

Functions: verbs that describe a function, verbs that describe actions

Changes of viewpoint

Articles 104

Definite article {the)

Indefinite article (a / an)

Zero article Translation problems

Relative clauses and non-finite clauses 111

Defir 'ng and non-defining clauses Whim, who and that Who and whom Whose

When and where

Omitting the relative pronoun

Sentences ending in a preposition or phrasal verb

Omitting which / who + be

Which to comment on the main clause

Clauses beginning with what and whatever

Non-finite clauses containing an -ing form

Verbs + infinitive or -ing 118

Verbs followed by either -ing or infinitive with to Verbs with an object, followed by either -ing or infinitive with to

Verbs normally followed by infinitive with to Verbs normally followed by -ing Verbs followed by infinitive without to Verbs followed by an object and to

Consolidation 4 Units 13-16 126

Grammar 17 Verbs + prepositions Verbs followed by: about, against, at, for, from, in, of, on, to, with 131

Grammar 18 Prepositions Prepositions following adjectives: about, at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, with Prepositions following nouns: for, on, over, to, with Expressions beginning: after, at, beyond, by, for, in, on, out of, under, with, within, without 138

Grammar 19 Phrasal verbs 1 Add up to get up to 144

Grammar 20 Phrasal verbs 2 Give away to put up with 150

Grammar 21 Phrasal verbs 3 Rip off to work out 156

Consolidation 5 Units 17-21 162

Grammar 22 Linking words and phrases Text organizers: adding a point, developing a point, explaining a point, contrast, explaining reasons, making generalizations, starting, giving new information, concession / qualification, giving a personal opinion 167

Grammar 23 Punctuation and spelling 172

Words commonly misspelled: common errors, words with similar spelling but different meanings, words with the same pronunciation

but different spelling and meaning Punctuation: commas, apostrophes, colons and semi-colons

Consolidation 6 Units 22-23 178

Grammar 24 Further practice 182

Vocabulary 1 Leisure activities 188

Vocabulary 2 Travel and movement 192

Vocabulary 3 News events 196

Vocabulary 4 Places 200

Vocabulary 5 Media and advertising 204

Vocabulary 6 The natural world 208

Vocabulary 7 Work 211

Vocabulary 8 Business and money 215

Vocabulary 9 People and relationships 219

Vocabulary 10 Social problems 223

Vocabulary 11 Entertainment 227

Vocabulary 12 Government and society 231

Vocabulary 13 Health and the body 235

Vocabulary 14 World issues 239

Vocabulary 15 Thinking and feeling 243

Vocabulary 16 Technology 247

Vocabulary 17 Quality and quantity 250

Vocabulary 18 Education 254

Vocabulary 19 Word formation 258

Vocabulary 20 Multiple meaning 262

Words and phrases

1 Expressions with come, expressions with in, idioms based on hand, wood and metal, prefix un-, verbs of movement 265

2 Expressions with get, colour idioms, common phrases, expressions with see, suffix -fui, expressions with out 268

3 Expressions with on, expressions with one, expressions with break, sounds, words connected with memory 271

4 Formality, expressions with no, expressions with head, words connected with people, expressions with make, compound words 274

5 Size, suffixes, headline language, body movements, expressions with at 277

6 Expressions with set, places, words with more than one meaning, speaking, expressions with within, adjective suffix -ing 280

7 Expressions with by, idioms with parts of the body, adjective-noun collocations, expressions with have, verbs of seeing, expressions with do, time expressions 283

8 Collocations of nouns linked with of, size and amount, expressions with bring, feelings, prefix well, expressions with from 286

9 Adverbs, expressions with think, expressions with give, modifiers, words with more than one meaning, but 289

10 Expressions with put, expressions with run, prefix under-, names, expressions with call, verbs with up 292

Index 295

Vocabulary wordlist 297

Grammar answers 313

Vocabulary answers 331

Words and phrases answers 340