Preparing the Water Budget 38 Defining the Flow System 38
3.2 Types of Models 38
Two-Dimensional Areal Models 39 Quasi Three-Dimensional Models 44
Profile and Full Three-Dimensional Models
3.3 Laying Out the Grid 46
Types of Grids 46
Defining Model Layers 48 Orienting the Grid 51
Spatial Scales 59
3.4 Assigning Parameter Values 68
Data Needs 68
Transferring Field Data to the Grid 73
Kriging 73
Problems 92
CHAPTER 4 BOUNDARIES
4.1 Types of Boundaries 97
4.2 Setting Boundaries 100
4.3 Simulating Boundaries 106
Specified Head 106
Specified Flow 107
Head-Dependent Flow 117
Special Problems 121
4.4 Internal Boundaries 123
Problems 143
CHAPTER 5
SOURCES AND SINKS
5.1 Injection and Pumping Wells 147
Finite Difference Models 147
Finite Element Models 151
5.2 Flux across the Water Table 151
Estimating Water Table Fluxes 151 Finite Difference Models 158
Finite Element Models 159
Preparing the Water Budget 38 Defining the Flow System 38
3.2 Types of Models 38
Two-Dimensional Areal Models 39 Quasi Three-Dimensional Models 44
Profile and Full Three-Dimensional Models
3.3 Laying Out the Grid 46
Types of Grids 46
Defining Model Layers 48 Orienting the Grid 51
Spatial Scales 59
3.4 Assigning Parameter Values 68
Data Needs 68
Transferring Field Data to the Grid 73
Kriging 73
Problems 92
CHAPTER 4 BOUNDARIES
4.1 Types of Boundaries 97
4.2 Setting Boundaries 100
4.3 Simulating Boundaries 106
Specified Head 106
Specified Flow 107
Head-Dependent Flow 117
Special Problems 121
4.4 Internal Boundaries 123
Problems 143
CHAPTER 5
SOURCES AND SINKS
5.1 Injection and Pumping Wells 147
Finite Difference Models 147
Finite Element Models 151
5.2 Flux across the Water Table 151
Estimating Water Table Fluxes 151 Finite Difference Models 158
Finite Element Models 159
Preparing the Water Budget 38 Defining the Flow System 38
3.2 Types of Models 38
Two-Dimensional Areal Models 39 Quasi Three-Dimensional Models 44
Profile and Full Three-Dimensional Models
3.3 Laying Out the Grid 46
Types of Grids 46
Defining Model Layers 48 Orienting the Grid 51
Spatial Scales 59
3.4 Assigning Parameter Values 68
Data Needs 68
Transferring Field Data to the Grid 73
Kriging 73
Problems 92
CHAPTER 4 BOUNDARIES
4.1 Types of Boundaries 97
4.2 Setting Boundaries 100
4.3 Simulating Boundaries 106
Specified Head 106
Specified Flow 107
Head-Dependent Flow 117
Special Problems 121
4.4 Internal Boundaries 123
Problems 143
CHAPTER 5
SOURCES AND SINKS
5.1 Injection and Pumping Wells 147
Finite Difference Models 147
Finite Element Models 151
5.2 Flux across the Water Table 151
Estimating Water Table Fluxes 151 Finite Difference Models 158
Finite Element Models 159
Preparing the Water Budget 38 Defining the Flow System 38
3.2 Types of Models 38
Two-Dimensional Areal Models 39 Quasi Three-Dimensional Models 44
Profile and Full Three-Dimensional Models
3.3 Laying Out the Grid 46
Types of Grids 46
Defining Model Layers 48 Orienting the Grid 51
Spatial Scales 59
3.4 Assigning Parameter Values 68
Data Needs 68
Transferring Field Data to the Grid 73
Kriging 73
Problems 92
CHAPTER 4 BOUNDARIES
4.1 Types of Boundaries 97
4.2 Setting Boundaries 100
4.3 Simulating Boundaries 106
Specified Head 106
Specified Flow 107
Head-Dependent Flow 117
Special Problems 121
4.4 Internal Boundaries 123
Problems 143
CHAPTER 5
SOURCES AND SINKS
5.1 Injection and Pumping Wells 147
Finite Difference Models 147
Finite Element Models 151
5.2 Flux across the Water Table 151
Estimating Water Table Fluxes 151 Finite Difference Models 158
Finite Element Models 159
5.3 Leakage Problems
CHAPTER 6 PROFILE MODELS
6.1 Orienting the Profile 172
6.2 Parameter Adjustment for Profile Modeling
6.3 Axisymmetric Profiles 177
6.4 The Moving Boundary Problem 177 Problems 191
CHAPTER 7
SPECIAL NEEDS FOR TRANSIENT SIMULATIONS
7.1 Storage Parameters 195
7.2 Initial Conditions 199
7.3 Boundary Conditions 202
7.4 Discretizing Time 204
Choosing the Time Step 204
Stress Periods 206
Problems 210
CHAPTER 8
MODEL EXECUTION
AND THE CALIBRATION PROCESS
8.1 Code Selection 215
8.2 Initiating Model Execution 217
Error Criterion 219
8.3 The Calibration Process 223
Sample Information 229
Prior Information 230
Calibration Techniques 231
8.4 Evaluating the Calibration 236
Traditional Measures of Calibration 236 Calibration Level and Distribution of Error 242 Sensitivity Analysis 246
Model Verification 253
Summary 256
CHAPTER 9
DOCUMENTING AND REPORTING YOUR MODELING STUDY
9.1 Documenting the Modeling Effort 275
9.2 The Modeling Report 276
Title 280
Introductory Material 280
Hydrogeologic Setting and Conceptual Model 281 Model Design and Results 282 Model Limitations 284 Summary and Conclusions 284
Appendices 284
Problems 285
CHAPTER 10
POSTAUDITS: HOW GOOD ARE PREDICTIONS?
10.1 Importance of the Conceptual Model 287
Salt River and Lower Santa Cruz River Basins, Arizona Blue River Basin, Nebraska 288
Arkansas River Valley, Southeastern Colorado 289 Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 291
10.2 Lessons from Postaudits 292
10.3 Crisis Mode versus Management Mode 293
Problems 294
CHAPTER 11
PARTICLE TRACKING OF GROUNDWATER FLOW AND ADVECTIVE TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS
11.1 Introduction 295
11.2 Tracking Methods 296
Interpolation Schemes 297
Tracking Schemes 299
11.3 Particle Tracking Codes 301
11.4 Applications 303
Flow System Analysis 303 Contaminant Tracking 309 Delineation of Capture Zones 310 Problems 314
CHAPTER 12 ADVANCED TOPICS
12.1 Introduction 316
12.2 Flow Nets 318
12.3 Unsaturated Flow 321
12.4 Multiphase Flow 324
12.5 Solute Transport 325
12.6 Fractured Media 328
Equivalent Porous Medium 329 Discrete Fractures 331
Dual Porosity 332
Summary 332 Karst Systems 332
12.7 Density-Dependent Flow of Miscible Fluids
12.8 Other Models 336
Problems 340