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Applied Groundwater Modeling Anderson Woessner

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Описание

CONTENTS

LIST OF BOXES PREFACE >

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 What Is a Model? 2

1.2 Why Model? 4

1.3 Establishing the Purpose 5

1.4 Modeling Protocol 6

1.5 Case Studies 9

Problems 10

CHAPTER 2

EQUATIONS AND NUMERICAL METHODS

2.1 Governing Equations 12

Aquifer versus Flow System Viewpoints 1 Derivation of the Governing Equations 16

2.2 Numerical Methods 20

Problems 26

CHAPTER 3

THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL AND GRID DESIGN

3.1 Building the Conceptual Model 28

Preparing the Water Budget 38 Defining the Flow System 38

3.2 Types of Models 38

Two-Dimensional Areal Models 39 Quasi Three-Dimensional Models 44

Profile and Full Three-Dimensional Models

3.3 Laying Out the Grid 46

Types of Grids 46

Defining Model Layers 48 Orienting the Grid 51

Spatial Scales 59

3.4 Assigning Parameter Values 68

Data Needs 68

Transferring Field Data to the Grid 73

Kriging 73

Problems 92

CHAPTER 4 BOUNDARIES

4.1 Types of Boundaries 97

4.2 Setting Boundaries 100

4.3 Simulating Boundaries 106

Specified Head 106

Specified Flow 107

Head-Dependent Flow 117

Special Problems 121

4.4 Internal Boundaries 123

Problems 143

CHAPTER 5

SOURCES AND SINKS

5.1 Injection and Pumping Wells 147

Finite Difference Models 147

Finite Element Models 151

5.2 Flux across the Water Table 151

Estimating Water Table Fluxes 151 Finite Difference Models 158

Finite Element Models 159

Preparing the Water Budget 38 Defining the Flow System 38

3.2 Types of Models 38

Two-Dimensional Areal Models 39 Quasi Three-Dimensional Models 44

Profile and Full Three-Dimensional Models

3.3 Laying Out the Grid 46

Types of Grids 46

Defining Model Layers 48 Orienting the Grid 51

Spatial Scales 59

3.4 Assigning Parameter Values 68

Data Needs 68

Transferring Field Data to the Grid 73

Kriging 73

Problems 92

CHAPTER 4 BOUNDARIES

4.1 Types of Boundaries 97

4.2 Setting Boundaries 100

4.3 Simulating Boundaries 106

Specified Head 106

Specified Flow 107

Head-Dependent Flow 117

Special Problems 121

4.4 Internal Boundaries 123

Problems 143

CHAPTER 5

SOURCES AND SINKS

5.1 Injection and Pumping Wells 147

Finite Difference Models 147

Finite Element Models 151

5.2 Flux across the Water Table 151

Estimating Water Table Fluxes 151 Finite Difference Models 158

Finite Element Models 159

Preparing the Water Budget 38 Defining the Flow System 38

3.2 Types of Models 38

Two-Dimensional Areal Models 39 Quasi Three-Dimensional Models 44

Profile and Full Three-Dimensional Models

3.3 Laying Out the Grid 46

Types of Grids 46

Defining Model Layers 48 Orienting the Grid 51

Spatial Scales 59

3.4 Assigning Parameter Values 68

Data Needs 68

Transferring Field Data to the Grid 73

Kriging 73

Problems 92

CHAPTER 4 BOUNDARIES

4.1 Types of Boundaries 97

4.2 Setting Boundaries 100

4.3 Simulating Boundaries 106

Specified Head 106

Specified Flow 107

Head-Dependent Flow 117

Special Problems 121

4.4 Internal Boundaries 123

Problems 143

CHAPTER 5

SOURCES AND SINKS

5.1 Injection and Pumping Wells 147

Finite Difference Models 147

Finite Element Models 151

5.2 Flux across the Water Table 151

Estimating Water Table Fluxes 151 Finite Difference Models 158

Finite Element Models 159

Preparing the Water Budget 38 Defining the Flow System 38

3.2 Types of Models 38

Two-Dimensional Areal Models 39 Quasi Three-Dimensional Models 44

Profile and Full Three-Dimensional Models

3.3 Laying Out the Grid 46

Types of Grids 46

Defining Model Layers 48 Orienting the Grid 51

Spatial Scales 59

3.4 Assigning Parameter Values 68

Data Needs 68

Transferring Field Data to the Grid 73

Kriging 73

Problems 92

CHAPTER 4 BOUNDARIES

4.1 Types of Boundaries 97

4.2 Setting Boundaries 100

4.3 Simulating Boundaries 106

Specified Head 106

Specified Flow 107

Head-Dependent Flow 117

Special Problems 121

4.4 Internal Boundaries 123

Problems 143

CHAPTER 5

SOURCES AND SINKS

5.1 Injection and Pumping Wells 147

Finite Difference Models 147

Finite Element Models 151

5.2 Flux across the Water Table 151

Estimating Water Table Fluxes 151 Finite Difference Models 158

Finite Element Models 159

5.3 Leakage Problems

CHAPTER 6 PROFILE MODELS

6.1 Orienting the Profile 172

6.2 Parameter Adjustment for Profile Modeling

6.3 Axisymmetric Profiles 177

6.4 The Moving Boundary Problem 177 Problems 191

CHAPTER 7

SPECIAL NEEDS FOR TRANSIENT SIMULATIONS

7.1 Storage Parameters 195

7.2 Initial Conditions 199

7.3 Boundary Conditions 202

7.4 Discretizing Time 204

Choosing the Time Step 204

Stress Periods 206

Problems 210

CHAPTER 8

MODEL EXECUTION

AND THE CALIBRATION PROCESS

8.1 Code Selection 215

8.2 Initiating Model Execution 217

Error Criterion 219

8.3 The Calibration Process 223

Sample Information 229

Prior Information 230

Calibration Techniques 231

8.4 Evaluating the Calibration 236

Traditional Measures of Calibration 236 Calibration Level and Distribution of Error 242 Sensitivity Analysis 246

Model Verification 253

Summary 256

CHAPTER 9

DOCUMENTING AND REPORTING YOUR MODELING STUDY

9.1 Documenting the Modeling Effort 275

9.2 The Modeling Report 276

Title 280

Introductory Material 280

Hydrogeologic Setting and Conceptual Model 281 Model Design and Results 282 Model Limitations 284 Summary and Conclusions 284

Appendices 284

Problems 285

CHAPTER 10

POSTAUDITS: HOW GOOD ARE PREDICTIONS?

10.1 Importance of the Conceptual Model 287

Salt River and Lower Santa Cruz River Basins, Arizona Blue River Basin, Nebraska 288

Arkansas River Valley, Southeastern Colorado 289 Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 291

10.2 Lessons from Postaudits 292

10.3 Crisis Mode versus Management Mode 293

Problems 294

CHAPTER 11

PARTICLE TRACKING OF GROUNDWATER FLOW AND ADVECTIVE TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS

11.1 Introduction 295

11.2 Tracking Methods 296

Interpolation Schemes 297

Tracking Schemes 299

11.3 Particle Tracking Codes 301

11.4 Applications 303

Flow System Analysis 303 Contaminant Tracking 309 Delineation of Capture Zones 310 Problems 314

CHAPTER 12 ADVANCED TOPICS

12.1 Introduction 316

12.2 Flow Nets 318

12.3 Unsaturated Flow 321

12.4 Multiphase Flow 324

12.5 Solute Transport 325

12.6 Fractured Media 328

Equivalent Porous Medium 329 Discrete Fractures 331

Dual Porosity 332

Summary 332 Karst Systems 332

12.7 Density-Dependent Flow of Miscible Fluids

12.8 Other Models 336

Problems 340