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Attention Balance and Coordination Blythe

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Описание

CONTENTS

About the Author ix

Contributors xi

Preface , xiii

Acknowledgements xix

1 Windows on the Brain 1

Introduction 1

Developmental Readiness for Education 2

What Is Neuro-developmental Dela}/? 3

What Is the Connection Between Neuro-developmental Delay

and Specific Learning Difficulties? 4

Primitive and Postural Reflexes — the Medical Model 5

Neurological Dysfunction in Specific Learning Difficulties 7

Diagnostic Criteria, Signs, and Symptoms of Specific Learning

Difficulties 9

Dyslexia — Signs and Symptoms 10

DCD (Dyspraxia) 13

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) 21

Underachievement 23

The Sensory-Motor Connection 23

Theories of Motor Control 25

2 The Significance of Primitive and Postural Reflexes 31

What Are Primitive and Postural Reflexes? 32

What Can Primitive and Postural Reflexes Tell Us? 32

The Developing Brain 33

The Emergence of Spinal Reflexes 34

Reflexes Mediated at the Spinal Level 35

Reflexes Mediated in the Brainstem 36

Reflexes as Reflections of Hierarchical Development 38

Areas of the Brain Involved in the Mediation of Primitive

and Postural Reflexes . 42

The Multisensory Reflex - the Moro Reflex 45

Characteristics of the Fear Paralysis Reflex 53

Moro Reflex Activators 56

Functions of the Moro Reflex 56

Physiological Response to the Moro Reflex 56

Implications of a Retained Moro Reflex 57

Symptoms of Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome (SSS) 61

General Symptoms Associated with a Retained Moro Reflex 63

Behavioural Outcomes Associated with a Retained

Moro Reflex 66

3 Primitive Reflexes of Position 71

Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR) 71

Development of Head Control 74

Why Is Head Control So Important? 78

The Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR) and Early Feeding 78

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR) 80

Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) 89

4 Primitive Tactile Reflexes 105

Palmar Grasp Reflex 105

Plantar Reflex 109

Rooting Reflex ; 114

Suckling and Sucking Reflexes 120

The Spinal Galant Reflex 122

5 Postural Reflexes 135

Head Righting Reflexes 139

Righting, Placing, and Equilibrium Reactions . 149

Parachute Reflex 154

6 Use of the INPP Screening Questionnaire 157

The INPP Screening Questionnaire for Children 159

How to Use the INPP Questionnaire 161

7 Post-natal Factors Using the INPP Questionnaire 201

Schooling 224

Scoring the INPP Questionnaire 234

Research into the Reliability of the INPP Questionnaire 234

8 The Development of the Vestibular-Cerebellar

Theory * 239

Origins . 240

Development of Balance 247

Cerebellum and Balance 247

Significance of Vestibular Dysfunction 265

Symptoms of Vestibular Problems 265

9 The Effects of Neuro-developmental Delay in Adults

and in Adolescents 271

Problems in Higher Education 274

Vestibular Connections to the Reticular

Activating System (RAS) 278

Adolescent and Adult Manifestations of NDD -

a Clinical Perspective 292

10 Development of the INPP Method — from Theory to Fact 311

11 Other Factors in Specific Learning Difficulties 325

Unravelling the Threads 325

Use of Physical Tests to Assess Neurological

Readiness in Schools 347

Application of the INPP Method 358

The Neuro-educator 359

Attention, Balance, and Coordination 361

Appendix 1 Screening for Neurological Dysfunction in the

Specific Learning Difficulty Child 365

Abstract 365

Introduction 366

Early Identification 367

Aim of the Study 368

Method 368

Analysis of the Questionnaire as a Means of Identifying

Specific Learning Difficulties 370

Analysis of Individual Questions 370

Results 371

Discussion 371

Conclusions 375

Appendix 2 Frequency Range of Vocals and Musical

Instruments 379

Glossary of Terms 381

Bibliography 389