CONTENT
III. BODY MOVEMENT AND SUPPORT
The Locomotor System. Structure of Bones and Joints. The Skull 4
The Locomotor System. The Vertebral Column, the Chest and the Limbs 6
The Locomotor System. The Muscles 8
Body Movement and Support (Control and Evaluation) 10
IV. REPRODUCTION, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
The Reproductive System. The Male Reproductive System 13
The Reproductive System.The Female Reproductive System 15
Fertilization. Embryonic and Postnatal Development 18
Reproductive System. Reproduction and Development (Self-Assement Questions and Tasks) 23
V. BODY REGULATION AND HOMEOSTASIS The Nervous System
The Nervous System. The Spinal Cord 26
The Nervous System. The Brain 28
The Nervous System. The Cerebrum 30
The Nervous System. The Autonomic Nervous System 32
The Nervous System (Self-Assement Questions and Tasks) 34
The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System. The Hypophysis, the Thyroid Gland and the Parathyroid Glands 36
The Endocrine System. The Pancreas, the Adrenal Glands, the Sex Glands 38
The Endocrine System (Self-Assement Questions and Tasks) 40
The Sensory Systems
The Visual Sensory System 43
Other Sensory Systems 45
The Nervous System, the Endocrine System and the Sensory Systems (Control and
Evaluation) 47
The Skin 49
The Human Organism - Structure and Vital Processes (Control and Evaluation) 51
VI. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE LIVING MATTER
Chemical Composition of the Cell 54
Carbohydrates and Lipids 58
Proteins 62
Enzymes 66
Nucleic Acids 70
Chemical Composition of the Living Matter (Control and Evaluation) 74
VII. SUPRAMOLECULAR COMPLEXES
Supramolecular complexes. Viruses 78
Supramolecular complexes (Self-Assessment Questions and Tasks) 82
VIII. CELL STRUCTURE AND CELLULAR PROCESSES
Cell - the Basic Unit of the Living Matter 84
The Prokaryotic Cell 88
The Eukaryotic Cell : 92
The Cell Membrane 94
Non-membrane Bound and Single-membrane Cell Organelles 98
Double-Membrane Organelles 102
The Cell Nucleus 104
Metabolism. Anabolic Processes. Photosynthesis 106
Catabolic Processes 110
Biological Oxidation and Oxidative Phosphorylation 114
Genetic Processes. Doubling of Hereditary Information - Replication 117
Realization of Hereditary Information -Transcription and Translation 120
Cell Structure and Cellular Processes (Self-Assessment Questions and Tasks) 125
IX. CELL REPRODUCTION
Cell Division (Amitosis and Mitosis) 128
Meiosis 131
Cell Cycle and Cell Differentiation 133
Cell Reproduction (Self-Assessment Questions and Tasks) 135
X. APPLICATION OF CELL KNOWLEDGE
Application of Cell Knowledge in Science and Practice 138
Check-up of the exit level (Control and Assessment) 142
Vocabulary 144