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Business Research Methods

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13.00лв

Описание

Brief Contents

PARTI

Introduction to Business Research

1 Research in Business 2

2 Scientific Thinking 24

3 The Research Process 54

4 The Research Proposal 84

5 Ethics in Business Research 106

PART II

The Design of Research

6 S; _,.aL, 128

7 kkusv,*;, uni 156

8 Scaling Design 182

9 Sai.'.ph'i.g Design 212

PART III

The Sources ям Collection of Data

10 Setumiurc Jota Sources 254

11 j-. ■ oy Cjminucitatmg with Respondent 284

12 fcnun. .>Risponderli Cam .lunkaki, 316

13 Observational Studies 360

14 Experimentation 378

PART IV

Analysis and Presentation of Data

15 Data Preparation anil Preliminary Analysis 408

16 Hypothesis Testing 462

1J Measures of Association 512

18 Multivariate Analysis: An Overview 556

19 Presenting Results: Written and Oral Reports 594

APPENDICES

A A Guide to Reference and Searching 644 B Decision Theory Problem 652

C Request for Proposal (IFP): Assessment and Contents 660 D Sample Student Term Project 666

E Nonparametric Significance Tests 674

F Selected Statistical Tobies 682

Index 693

Introduction to Business Research

1 Research in Business 2

Why Study Research? 5 The Value of Acquiring Skills 6 What Is Research? 7

What Is the Dilemma Facing the Manager? 10 What Must the Researcher Accomplish? 10

Is Research Always Problem-Solving Based? 13

Business Research Defined 14 How Scientific Is Business Research9 14 What is Good Research? 15 The Manager-Researcher Relationship 18

Manager-Researcher Contributions 19 Manager-Researcher Conflicts 19 Decision-Driven Research 20 Summary 20 Key Terms 21 Discussion Questions 21 Reference Notes 22 Suggested Readings 23
2 Scientific Thinking 24

Styles of Thinking 26

Sources of Knowledge 26 The Thought Process:

Reasoning 29 Deduction 30 Induction 31 Combining Induction and Deduction 32 Reflective Thinking and the Scientific Method 33

The Scientific Attitude 34 Understanding Theory: Components and Connections 35 Concepts 35 Constructs 37 Definitions 38 Variables 40 Propositions and Hypotheses 43 Theory 46 Models 48 Summary 49 Key Terms 50 Discussion Questions 50 Reference Notes 51 -Suggested Readings 52

3 The Research Process 54

The Research Process 56 The Management-Research Question Hierarchy 58

The Management Question 59 Exploration 60 Research Process Problems 69 The Favored Technique Syndrome 69

Company Database Strip-Mining 70 Unresearchable Questions 70 Ill-Defined Management Problems 71 Politically Motivated Research 71 Designing the Study 72 Sampling Design 72 Resource Allocation and Budgets 73

Valuing Research Information 73 Evaluation Methods 74 The Research Proprosai 75 Proposal Content 76 Pilot Testing 76 Data Collection 77 Analysis and Interpretation 78 Reporting the Results 78 Summary 79 Key Terms 80 Discussion Questions 80 References Notes 82 Suggested Readings 82

4 The Research Proposal 84

The Purpose of the Research Proposal 86 Sponsor Uses 86 Researcher Benefits 88 Types of Research Proposals 88 Internal Proposals 89 External Proposals 91 Structuring the Research Proposal 91 Executive Summary 91 Problem Statement 91

Research Objectives 92 Literature Review 92 Importance/Benefits of the Study 93 Research Design 93 Data Analysis 93 Nature and Form of Results 94 Qualifications of Researchers 94 Budget 94 Schedule 96

Facilities and Special Resources 96 Project Management 97 Bibliography 97 Appendices 97

Evaluating the Research Proposal 98 Summary 102 Key Terms 103 Discussion Questions 103 Reference Notes 104 Suggested Readings 105

5 Ethics in Business Research 106

What Are Research Ethics? 108 Ethical Treatment of Respondents and Subjects 108 Benefits 109 Deception 109 Informed Consent 110 Debriefing Respondents 110 Rights to Privacy 111 Data Collection in Cyberspace 112 Ethics and the Client 113 Confidentiality 113 Right to Quality Research 113 Client’s Ethics 114 Researchers and Team Members 114 Safety 114

Ethical Behavior of Assistants 115 Protection of Anonymity 115 Professional Standards 117 Resources for Ethical Awareness 120 Summary 120 Key Terms 121 Cases 121

Reference Notes 124 Key Terms 178

Suggested Readings 125 Discussion Questions 178

Reference Notes 180 Suggested Readings 181

PART II

The Design of Research

6 Design Strategies 128

What Is Research Design? 130 Classification of Designs 130 Exploratory Studies 134 Qualitative Techniques 134 Secondary Data Analysis 135 Experience Survey 136 Focus Groups 137 Two-Stage Design 140 Descriptive Studies 141 Casual Studies 142

The Concept of Cause 142 Causal Relationships 145 Testing Causal Hypotheses 147 Summary 151 Key Terms 152 Discussion Questions 153 Reference Notes 154 Suggested Readings 155

7 Measurement 156

The Nature of Measurement 159 What Is Measured? 160 Data Types 160 Nominal Data 161 Ordinal Data 162 Interval Data 164 Ratio Data 164

Sources of Measurement Differences 165 Error Sources 165 The Characteristics of Sound Measurement 166 Validity 166 Reliability 171 Summary 177

8 Scaling Design 182

Consensus Scaling 195 Item Analysis 195 Cumulative Scales 197 Factor Scales 198 Advanced Scaling Techniques 201 Summary 205 ..

Key Terms 206 Case 207

Discussion Questions 207 Reference Notes 209 Suggested Readings 210

9 Sampling Design 212

The Nature of S ampling 215 Why Sample? 215 What Is a Good Sample? 216 Types of Sample Design 217 Probability Sampling 219

Steps in Sampling Design 219 Sampling Concepts 224 Complex Probability Sampling 237 Systematic Sampling 237 Stratified Sampling 238 Cluster Sampling 240 Double Sampling 242 Nonprobability Sampling 243 Practical Considerations 244 Methods 245

Summary 247

Key Terms 249 Case 250

Discussion Questions 250 Reference Notes 251 Suggested Readings 252

PART 111

The Sources and Collection of Data

10 Secondary Data Sources 254

Primary Versus Secondary Data 256 What Are Secondary Data? 256 Uses of Secondary Data 257 Advantages and Disadvantages of Secondary Data 257 Classifying Secondary Data 258 The Library and the Internet 262 The Library: Not Just a Home for Paper 262

The Internet: Not Just a Library Without Walls 263 Searching for Secondary Data 265 A Strategy for Secondary Data 265

Strategy, Step by Step 266 Using Search Engines 271 Keeping Track of Your Research 275 Summary 279 Key Terms 280 Case 280

Discussion Questions 280 Reference Notes 282 Suggested Readings 283

11 Survey Methods: Communicating With Respondents 284

Characteristics of the Communication Approach 287

Applications 287

Personal Interviewing 291 Evaluation of the Personal Interview 291 Interviewing Technique 292 Interview Problems 297 Telephone Interviewing 300 Evaluation of the Telephone Interview 300

Telephone Interview Trends 303 Self-Administered Surveys 303 Mail Surveys 303 Improving Returns 305 Maximizing the Mail Survey 307 Self-Administered Survey Trends 308

Selecting an Optimal Method 309

Outsourcing Survey Services 310 Summary 311 Key Terms 312 Case 312

Discussion Questions 312 Reference Notes 313 Suggested Readings 315

12 Instruments for Respondent Communication 316

Dm eloping th^ Insti anient Design SfiuLegv: Phase 1 319

Mdnjgemet i Research Question Himaich;, Idnnmed 319 Type of Data 324 Communication Approach 324 Qucoliu.l StiUeldlc 324 Disguising Objectives and Sponsors 325 Preliminary Analysis Plan 327 Constructing and Refining the Measurement Questions: Phase 2 327 Question Content 328 Question Wording 332 Response Strategy 336 Response Strategies Illustrated 338

Sources of Existing Questions 342

Drafting and Refining the Instrument:

Phase 3 344

Introduction and Respondent Screening 344

Measurement Question Sequencing 344 Instructions 347 Conclusion 348

Overcoming Instrument Problems 348 The Value of Pretesting 349 Pretesting Options 351 Summary 353 Key Terms 354 Cases 355

Discussion Questions 355 Reference Notes 357 Suggested Readings 358

13 Observational Studies 360

The Uses of Observation 362 Nonbehavioral Observation 364 Behavioral Observation 364 Evaluation of the Observational Method 36t> The Observer-Subject Relationship 366 Directness of Observation 366 Concealment 367 Participation 367

Conducting an Observational Study 368 The Type of Study 368 Content Specification 369 Observer Training 369 Data Collection 370 Unobtrusive Measures 371 Summary 375 Key Terms 375 Discussion Questions 376 Reference Notes 377 Suggested Readings 377

14 Experimentation 378

What Is Experimentation? 381 An Evaluation of Experiments 382

Advantages 382 Disadvantages 382

Conducting an Experiment 383 Selecting Relevant Variables 383 Speci fying the Levels of Treatment 384 Controlling the Experimental Environment 384

Choosing the Experimental Design 385 Selecting and Assigning Subjects 385 Pilot Testing, Revising, and Testing 386 Analyzing the Data 386 Validity in Experimentation 387 Internal Validity 388 External Validity 390 Experimental Research Designs 391 Preexperiment al Designs 392 True Experimental Designs 392

Extensions of Trae Experimental Designs 394

Field Experiments: Quasi- or Semi-Experiments 397 Summary 401 Key Terms 402 Case 402

Discussion Questions 402 Reference Notes 404 Suggested Readings 404

PART IV

Analysis and Presentation of Data

15 Data Preparation and Preliminary Analysis 408

Introduction 411 Editing 411

Field Editing 412 Central Editing 412 Coding 413

Coding Rules 413 Codebook Construction 414 Coding Closed Questions 414 Coding Open Questions 416 Using Content Analysis for

Open Questions 417 “Don’t Know” Responses 419 Data Entry 421

Data Entry Formats 423 Exploring, Displaying, and Examining Data 426

An Exploratory Data Analysis Approach 426 Frequency Tables, Bar Charts, and Pie Charts 430 Histograms 431 Stem-and-Leaf Displays 433 Boxplots 435 Transformation 438 Crosstabulation 441

The Use of Percentages 442 Other Table-Based Analysis 443 Data Mining 446

Evolution of Data Mining 447 Management Research Uses 448 Data-Mining Techniques 448 Data-Mining Process 451 Summary 453 Key Terms 455 Cases 455

Discussion Questions 456 Reference Notes 459 Suggested Readings 461

Hypothesis Testing 462

Introduction 466 Hypothesis Testing 467 Testing Approaches 467 Statistical Significance 467 The Logic of Hypothesis Testing 468 Statistical Testing Procedures 474 Probability Values (p Values) 476 Tests of Significance 477 Types of Tests 477 How to Select a Test 479 One-Sample Tests 480 Two Independent Samples Tests 484

Two Related Samples Tests 488

k Independent Samples Tests 492 k Related Samples Tests 501

Summary 504 Key Terms 505 Cases 505

Discussion Questions 506 Computer Problems 508 Reference Notes 509 Suggested Readings 510

17 Measures of Association 512

Introduction 515 Bivariate Correlation Analysis 516 Pearson’s Product Moment Coefficient r 516 Scatterplots for Exploring Relationships 518 The Assumptions of r 520 Computation and Testing of r 521 Correlation Matrix 524 Interpretation of Correlations 525 Bivariate Linear Regression 526 The Basic Model 527 Concept Application 528 Method of Least Squares 530 Predictions 533 Testing the Goodness of Fit 535 Nonparametric Measures of Association 539 Measures for Nominal Data 539 Measures for Ordinal Data 544 Summary 548 Key Terms 550 Cases 550

Discussion Questions 550 Reference Notes 553 Suggested Readings 555

18 Multivariate Analysis: An Overview 556

Introduction 559 Selecting а Multivariate Technique 559 Dependency Techniques 562 Multiple Regression 562

Discriminant Analysis 565

MANOVA 567 LISREL 571

Conjoint Analysis 572 Interdependency Techniques 577 Factor Analysis 577 Cluster Analysis 582 Multidimensional Scaling 584 Summary 588 Key Terms 589 Cases 590

Discussion Questions 590 Reference Notes 592 Suggested Readings 592

19 Presenting Results: Written and Oral Reports 594

The Written Research Report 596 Short Reports 596 Long Reports 597 Research Report Components 598 Prefatory Items 599 Introduction 600 Methodology 601 Findings 602 Conclusions 602 Appendices 603 Bibliography 603 Writing the Report 603 Prewriting Concerns 604 Writing the Draft 605 Presentation Considerations 610 Presentation of Statistics 623 Text Presentation 623

Semitabular Presentation 623 Tabular Presentation 623 Graphics 624

Improvement and Control Charts 630 Oral Presentation 635 Preparation 635 Delivery 637 Audiovisuals 638 Summary 639 Key Terms 640 Discussion Questions 640 Reference Notes 641 Suggested Readings 642

APPENDICES

A A Guide to Reference and Searching 644

B Decision Theory Problem 652

C Request for Proposal (RFP): Assessment

and Contents 660

D Sample Student Term Project 666

E Nonparametric Significance Tests 674

F Selected Statistical Tables 682

Index 693