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Clinical Pathophysiology made ridiculously simple

Сумата се прибавя директно в кошницата

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Описание

Chapter Outlines

Chapter 1. The Cardiovascular System

Anatomical Overview

Heart Failure

Left Heart Failure

Right Heart Failure

Symptoms and Signs of Heart Failure

Preload, Afterload, and Treatment

of Heart Failure

The Kidney in Heart Failure

The Four Components of the Heart

and Their Diseases

Diseases of the Heart Muscle

Cardiac Hypertrophy

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Cardiac Dilatation

The Valves and Their Diseases: Stenosis

and Regurgitation

Aortic Valve

Aortic Stenosis

Aortic Regurgitation

Mitral Valve

Mitral Stenosis

Mitral Regurgitation

Tricuspid Valve

■ Tricuspid Stenosis

Tricuspid Regurgitation

Pulmonary Valve

Pulmonic Stenosis

Pulmonic Regurgitation

Review of Valves I: Review by Pathology

Review of Valves II: Review by Murmur

Diseases of the Electrical System: Arrhythmias ..

Bradyarrhythmia (Bradycardia)

Slow SA Node

Abnormal Conduction (Heart Block)

Treatment of Bradycardia

Tachyarrhythmias

Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias

Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias

Treatment of Tachyarrhythmia

' Review of Arrhythmias

Diseases of the Heart’s Vasculature:

Angina and Myocardial Infarction

Vascular Disease Outside the Heart:

Peripheral Arteries and Aorta

Emboli

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Atherosclerosis of the Aorta

. Aortic Aneurysm

Aortic Dissection

Lipids and Lipid-Lowering Drugs

Vasculitis 24

Hypertension 24

Cardiac Infection, Inflammation, and Neoplasia 27

Endocarditis 27

Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease .. 28

Myocarditis 28

Pericarditis 28

Cardiac Neoplasia 28

Atrial Myxoma 28

Congenital Heart Disease 29

Fetal Circulation 29

Classification of Congenital Heart Diseases 30

Cyanotic Heart Disease 30

Tetralogy of Fallot 30

Transposition of the Great Arteries 30

Other Causes of Cyanotic Heart Disease 31

Noncyanotic Congenital Heart Disease 31

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) and

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) 31

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) 32

Pulmonic Stenosis 33

Congenital Aortic Stenosis 33

Coarctation of the Aorta 33

Review of Congenital Heart Disease 34

Chapter 2. The Pulmonary System 35

Components of the Pulmonary System 35

Alveolar Sac/Airway 36

Membrane 36

Blood Vessels 36

Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Disease 37

Obstructive Lung Disease 37

Emphysema 37

Pulmonary Function Testing 37

Chronic Bronchitis 38

Asthma 38

Cystic Fibrosis 40

Bronchiectasis 40

Restrictive Lung Disease 40

Review of Obstructive and Restrictive

Lung Disease 41

Pulmonary Hypertension 41

Respiratory Infections 42

Rhinitis 42

Sinusitis 42

Pharyngitis 43

Laryngitis 43

Epiglottitis 43

Bronchitis 44

Bronchiolitis 44

Pneumonitis 44

Pneumonia

Tuberculosis

Lung Cancer

Diseases of the Pleura and Pleural Space —

Pleuritis (Pleurisy)

Pleural Effusion

Chylothorax, Hemothorax, and Pneumothorax .

Pulmonary Physical Exam

Percussion

Fremitus, Egophony, and Whisper Pectoriloquy Clubbing

Chapter 3. The Renal System

Overview of Kidney Function

Acute Renal Failure

Prerenai Failure

Intrinsic Renal Failure

Laboratory Distinction Between Prerenai

and Intrinsic Renal Failure

Serum BUN/Creatinine Ratio

Urine sodium

Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENa)

Postrenal Failure

Causes of Intrinsic Renal Pathology:

Diseases of Tubules and Glomeruli

Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephritic Syndrome

Chronic Renal Failure

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Urinalysis

Urethritis

Cystitis

Pyelonephritis

Urinalysis

Tumors of the Urinary Tract

Fluids and Electrolytes

Basic Concepts

Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia

Hypernatremia

Hypervolemic Hypernatremia

Hypovolemic Hypernatremia

Euvolemic Hypernatremia

Hyponatremia

Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

Hypovolemic Hyponatremia

Euvolemic Hyponatremia

Hyperosmolar Hyponatremia

(Pseudohyponatremia)

Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia

Hypokalemia

Acid-Base Pathophysiology

Respiratory Acidosis

Respiratory Alkalosis

Metabolic Alkalosis

Metabolic Acidosis

The Anion Gap

Urine Anion Gap 68

Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) 68

Overall Algorithm for Acid-Base Diagnosis .. 69

Chapter 4. The Gastrointestinal System 71

Anatomical Overview 71

Diseases of the Esophagus 72

Obstruction 72

Muscle 72

Failure to Contract 72

Failure to Relax 73

Failure to Contract and Relax: Achalasia ... 73

Diverticula 73

Reflux 73

Other Causes of Esophagitis 73

Esophageal Cancer 73

Esophageal Varices 73

Diseases of the Stomach 74

Peptic Ulcer Disease 74

Other Causes of Gastritis 77

Loss of Intrinsic Factor 77

Obstruction 77

Gastroparesis 77

Gastric Cancer 78

Diseases of the Small Intestine 78

Malabsorption 78

Obstruction 79

Small Bowel Tumors 79

Diseases of the Large Intestine 79

Hirschprung's disease 79

Diverticula 79

Diarrhea 80

Colon Cancer 80

Colitis 80

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD):

Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis 80

Upper and Lower Gl Bleeding 81

Diseases of the Liver 82

Overview of Liver Function 82

Bilirubin and Jaundice 82

Liver Function Tests 83

AST, ALT, and Alkaline Phosphatase 83

Bilirubin, Albumin, and Prothrombin Time 83

Diseases of the Liver Parenchyma 84

Viral Hepatitis 84

Drug Reactions 84

Fatty Liver (Hepatic Steatosis) 84

Autoimmune Hepatitis 85

Hemochromatosis 85

Wilson’s Disease 85

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency 85

Hepatic Neoplasm 85

Diseases of the Liver Vasculature:

Portal Hypertension 85

Ascites 86

Varices 86

Diseases of the Gall Bladder and Bile Ducts ..

Gall Stones (Cholelithiasis)

Cancer of the Bile Ducts (Cholangiocarcinoma) Inflammatory Diseases of the Biliary System ..

Biliary atresia

Diseases of the Pancreas

Pancreatitis

Pancreatic Tumors

Approach to Abdominal Pain

Diagnosis of Abdominal Pain

History

Physical Exam

Laboratory Tests

Imaging and Endoscopy

Chapter 5. The Endocrine System

General Principles

Thyroid

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Thyroiditis

Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer

Adrenal Glands

Hyper- and Hypoaldosteronism

Cushing's Syndrome

Adrenal Insufficiency

Pheochromocytoma

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)

Pituitary Gland

Diseases of the Anterior Pituitary

Pituitary Adenomas and Hyperpituitarism

ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas

TSH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas

Growth Hormone Adenomas

and Acromegaly

LH/FSH-Secreting Tumors

Prolactin-Secreting Adenomas

Hypopituitarism

Diseases of the Posterior Pituitary

The Endocrine Pancreas and Glucose

Regulation

Diabetes Mellitus

Hypoglycemia

Calcium, the Parathyroids, and Bone

Hypercalcemia

Elevated PTH

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

PTH-related Protein (PTHrP)

Vitamin D-Induced Hypercalcemia

Bone Breakdown

Symptoms and Signs of Hypercalcemia

Treatment of Hypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia

Decreased PTH: Hypoparathyroidism and

Pseudohypoparathyroidism 114

Vitamin D Deficiency 114

Hungry Bone Syndrome 114

Binding of Calcium 115

Hypoalbuminemia 115

Symptoms and Signs of Hypocalcemia 115

Treatment of Hypocalcemia 115

Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia and Hypercaiciuric

Hypocalcemia 115

Diseases of Bone 115

Thickened Bones: Osteopetrosis 116

Weakened Bones: Osteoporosis and

Osteomalacia 116

Thickened and Weakened Bones:

Paget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans) 116

Infection of Bone: Osteomyelitis 116

Tumors of Bone 116

Chapter 6. The Hematologic System 118

Components of the Hematologic System 118

Red Blood Cells 118

Too Few RBCs: Anemia 118

Symptoms and Signs of Anemia 118

Hemoglobin and Hematocrit 118

Causes of Anemia 119

Decreased Production of RBCs 119

Bone Marrow Failure, Rena! Failure,

Aplastic Anemia 119

Iron, B12 and Folate Deficiency 119

Iron Deficiency Anemia 120

Folate and B12 Deficiency 120

Increased Loss of RBCs: Bleeding

and Hemolysis 122

Bleeding 122

Hemolysis 122

Extracorpuscular Defects 122

Intracorpuscular Defects: Problems with

RBC Components 122

Hemoglobin 122

Sickle Cell Anemia 122

Thalassemia 122

Membrane 122

Metabolic Pathways 123

Lab Findings in Hemolysis 123

Anemia of Chronic Disease 124

Blood Smear 124

Treatment of Anemia 125

Review of Anemia 125

Too Many RBCs: Polycythemia 125

Causes of Polycythemia 125

Hyperproliferative States of the Bone Marrow: Polycythemia Vera ..125

Elevated EPO 125

Lab Findings in Polycythemia 126

Treatment of Polycythemia 126

White Blood Cells and Immunology

Hypersensitivity

Immunodeficiency

Decreased Number of WBCs

Decreased Function of WBCs

Neutrophils

Increased Neutrophils

Decreased Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Increased Lymphocytes

Decreased Lymphocytes

Basophils, Mast Cells, and Eosinophils

The Hematologic Malignancies of WBC Lineage

Leukemias

Lymphomas

Multiple Myeloma

Review of WBCs

Platelets and Coagulation Factors

Hypocoagulable States: Tendency to Bleed

Decreased Coagulation Factors

Decreased Platelet Function or Number

Platelet Dysfunction

Decreased Platelet Number:

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic

Purpura (TTP/HUS)

Disseminated Intravascular

Coagulation (DIC)

Summary of Hypocoagulable States

Hypercoagulable States: Tendency to Clot

Chapter 7. The Nervous System

Anatomical Overview

Neuroanatomy and Localization

Motor and Sensory Pathways

Motor Pathway: Upper Motor Neurons

vs. Lower Motor Neurons

Sensory Pathways

Summary of Motor and Sensory Systems

Brainstem and Cranial Nerves

Brainstem

Cranial Nerves

Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory)

Cranial Nerve II (Optic)

Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)

Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear)

Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)

Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens)

Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)

Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)

Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)

Cranial Nerve XI (Spinal Accessory)

Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal)

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia 148

Cerebellum 148

Basal Ganglia 148

Parkinson’s Disease 150

Diseases of the Brain 150

Elevated Intracranial Pressure 152

Hydrocephalus 152

Pseudotumor Cerebri 152

Intracranial Infection and Bleeding 152

Meningeal Signs 153

Epidural Bleeding and Infection 153

Epidural Hematomas 153

Epidural Abscesses 153

Subdural Bleeding and Infection 154

Subdural Hematomas 154

Subdural Abscesses 154

Subarachnoid Bleeding and Infection 154

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 154

Meningitis 154

Bleeding and Infection in the Brain 154

Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage 154

Brain Abscess 154

Encephalitis 154

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Examination 155

Central Nervous System Tumors 155

Stroke 155

Cerebral Vasculature 156

Multiple Sclerosis 158

Diseases of the Spinal Cord 159

Nerve Root Compression 159

Diseases of Lower Motor Neurons,

Neuromuscular Junction, and Muscle 160

Diseases of Anterior Horn Cells 161

Diseases of Peripheral Nerves 161

Diseases of the Neuromuscular Junction 161

Myasthenia Gravis 161

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome 162

Diseases of the Muscle 162

Chapter 8. Rheumatology 163

Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases 163

Immunosuppressive and

Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 163

Joint Disease: Arthritis 163

Synovial Fluid Analysis 165

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) 165

Osteoarthritis (OA) 165

Spondyloarthropathies 165

Infectious Arthritis — 165

Gout and Pseudogout

Chapter 9. Male and Female Reproductive Systems 169

Male Reproductive Organ Pathophysiology 169

Prostate 169

Prostatitis 169

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy 169

Prostate Cancer 169

Testicles 169

Orchitis 169

Torsion 170

Testicular Cancer 170

Erectile Dysfunction 170

Female Reproductive Organ Pathophysiology .... 170

The Menstrual Cycle, Oral Contraceptives, and Amenorrhea 170

The Menstrual Cycle

Amenorrhea

Inflammation of the Female Genital Tract .

Vaginitis

Cervicitis

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) — Neoplasia of the Female Genital Tract ... Other Diseases of the Female Genital Tract

Endometriosis

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Diseases of the Breasts

Infertility

Chapter 10. Cases