Changing yourfocus by changing the subject 165
Reciprocai verbs 167
Verbs that can have two objects 169
Phrasal verbs 172
Compound verbs 182
Linking verbs 184
Adjectives after linking verbs • Nouns after linking verbs • Other verbs with following adjectives
Describing the object of a verb - 192
Using a prepositional phrase after a linking verb 194
Using two main verbs together 197
Chapter 4 Expressing time: tenses and time adverbials 206
The present 207
The present simple «The present progressive «Time adverbials with reference to the present
The past 2ii
The past simple «The past progressive «The present perfect •The past perfect «Time adverbials with reference to the past Expressing future time 216
Indicating thefuture using will • Other ways of talking about the future
• Time adverbials with reference to the future
Other uses of verb forms 219
Using time adverbials to indicate past, present, or future 220
Yet, still, already, etc. 222
Time adverbials and prepositional phrases 225
Non-specific times 229
Expressing frequency and duration 232
Chapters Modals, negatives, and ways of forming sentences 243
Making statements: the declarative form 244
Asking questions: the interrogative form 245
Yes/no-questions • Question tags • Wh-questions The imperative 253
Other uses of the declarative, the interrogative, and the imperative 255
Forming negative statements 258
Broad negatives 265
Using modals 268
Special features of modals • Uses of modals • Expressions used instead of modals • Semi-modals
Chapter 6 Expressing manner and place 298
Adverbs 303
Types of adverb • Comparative and superlative adverbs «Adverbs of manner
• Adverbs of degree • Adverbs of place • Destinations and directions
Prepositions 319
Position of prepositional phrases «After verbs indicating movement
• Showing position • Showing direction • Other uses of prepositional phrases • Prepositions used with verbs • Prepositional phrases after nouns and adjectives • Extended meanings of prepositions
Other ways of giving information about place 331
Chapter 7 Reporting what people say or think 333
Using reporting verbs 333
Reporting someone’s actual words: direct speech 337
Reporting in your own words: reported speech 340
Reporting statements and thoughts • Reporting questions • Reporting orders, requests, advice, and intentions • Reporting uncertain things
• Time reference in reported speech
Using reporting verbs to perform an action 351
Avoiding mention of the person speaking orthinking 352
Referring to the speaker and hearer 353
Other ways of indicating what is said 356
Other ways of using reported clauses 358
Chapter 8 Combining messages 360
Clauses and conjunctions 360
Time clauses • Conditional clauses • Purpose clauses • Reason clauses
• Result clauses • Concessive clauses • Place clauses • Clauses of manner
• Relative clauses
Nominal thot-clauses 386
Non-finite clauses 389
Linking words, phrases, and clauses together 393
Chapter 9 Changing thefocus in a sentence 404
The passive 405
Split sentences 412
Taking thefocus off the subject: using impersonal it 4И
Introducing something new: there as subject 419
Focusing using adverbials 421
Emphasizing 423
Putting something first 426
Introducing your statement 427
Focusing on the speaker’s attitude 428
Exclamations 431
Addressing people 433
Chapter ю Making a text hold together 435
Referring back 435
Referring forward 445
Showing connections between sentences: sentence connectors 446
Linking parts of a conversation together 449
Leaving words out 450
Reference Section 456
The grammar of business English 489
The grammar of academic English 499