CONTENTS
Thinking about your writing 2
Organizing your ideas 5
Research 9
Making notes and summaries n
Outlines 13
Writing a draft 15
Presentation
General layout l8
Fonts and typefaces 22
Bullet points 23
Numbered points 25
Headers, footers and page
numbers 26
Using images 27
Tables and boxes 28
Charts and diagrams 29
Structure
Logical ordering 34
Introductions 35
Conclusions 37
Headings 39
Paragraphs 42
Style
What is good style? 44
Writing in sentences 45
Using plain English 47
Active or passive verbs? 48
Avoiding clichés 49
Avoiding redundancy
(unnecessary words) 51
Avoiding ambiguity 52
Register 54
Tone * 56
Emphasis 59
Avo iding offence 62
Increasing your vocabulary 65
Using a dictionary 67
Terms used in writing English 69
Special information Speech 74
Questions 77
Quotations 79
Proper nouns 84
Abbreviations 86
Numbers 89
Dates 91
Foreign words and phrases 92
Checking your work
General checks 94
Checking spelling 95
Checking grammarand punctuation 96
Otherthings to check 97
Checking work written on a computer 98
Marking yout-corrections 99
PART TWO
Writing
Formal or work emails 102
Informal or social emails 117
Texts 120
Formal or work letters 121
Informal letters 132
Blogs 137
Essays i4i The comma 239
Essay phrases and words 144 Quotation marks 243
Dissertations 153 Capital letters 245
Reports i58 The full stop 247
The structure of a report 1б2 The question mark 249
Reportphrases and words 1бб The exclamation mark 250
Writing presentations 172 The colon 251
Presentation phrases 178 The semicolon 253
CVs 183 Brackets 254
Instructions 187 Square brackets 255
Leaflets and flyers 194 The hyphen 256
The dash 258
PARTTHREE Grammar The slash 259
Main verbs 202 Spelling
Auxiliary verbs 204 Why is spelling important? 262
Modal verbs 205 Ways to improve your
Phrasal verbs 20б spelling 263
Nouns 207 Suffixes and prefixes 264
Countable and Forming plurals 267
uncountable nouns 208 -ise or-ize? 270
Pronouns 209 i before e except after c 271
Adjectives 213 Silent letters 272
Adverbs Determiners 217 220 Contractions 273
Prepositions 221 Common mistakes and
Conjunctions 222 controversial issues
Tenses 223 Words that are often
Subject, object and confused 276
indirect object 228 Words that are often
Agreement 229 spelled wrongly Common mistakes and 287
Punctuation The apostrophe 234 controversial issues 291