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English Grammar A University Course Third Edition

English Grammar A University Course Third Edition

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Описание

CONTENTS

List of figures ix

Preface to the third edition xi

Acknowledgements xii

Introduction to the third edition xiv

Table of notational symbols xviii

1 Basic concepts 1

Unit 1 Language and meaning 3

Unit 2 Linguistic forms and syntactic functions 9

Unit 3 Negation and expansion 21

Exercises 28

2 The skeleton of the message: introduction to

clause structure 31

Unit 4 Syntactic elements and structures of the clause 33

Unit 5 Subject and Predicator 40

Unit 6 Direct, Indirect and Prepositional Objects 47

Unit 7 Subject and Object Complements 60

Unit 8 Adjuncts 65

Further reading 72

Exercises 72

3 The development of the message: complementation

of the verb 77

Introduction: Major complementation patterns and valency 79

Unit 9 Intransitive and copular patterns 81

Unit 10 Transitive patterns 85

Unit 11 Complementation by finite clauses 94

Unit 12 Complementation by non-finite clauses 101

Summary of major verb complementation patterns 107

Further reading 108

Exercises 108

4 Interaction between speaker and hearer: linking

speech acts and grammar 111

Unit 13 Speech acts and clause types 113

Unit 14 The declarative and interrogative clause types 117

Unit 15 The exclamative and imperative clause types 126

Unit 16 Indirect speech acts, clause types and discourse functions 133

Unit 17 Questions, clause types and discourse functions 137

Unit 18 Directives: getting people to carry out actions 141

Further reading 148

Exercises 149

5 Conceptualising patterns of experience: processes,

participants, circumstances 153

Unit 19 Conceptualising experiences expressed as situation types 155

Unit 20 Material processes of doing and happening 160

Unit 21 Causative processes 164

Unit 22 Processes of transfer 169

Unit 23 Conceptualising what we think, perceive and feel 171

Unit 24 Relational processes of being and becoming 176

Unit 25 Processes of saying, behaving and existing 182

Unit 26 Expressing attendant circumstances 186

Unit 27 Conceptualising experiences from a different angle:

Nominalisation and grammatical metaphor 190

Further reading 197

Exercises 197

6 Organising the message: thematic and information

structures of the clause 203

Unit 28 Theme: the point of departure of the message 205

Unit 29 The distribution and focus of information 220

Unit 30 The interplay of Theme-Rheme and Given-New 227

Further reading 242

Exercises 243

7 Combining clauses into sentences 247

Unit 31 Clause combining: the complex sentence 249

Unit 32 Relationships of equivalence between clauses 253

Unit 33 Relationships of non-equivalence between clauses 258

Unit 34 Subordination and subordinators 261

Unit 35 Discourse functions of conjunctions 267

Unit 36 Reporting speech and thought 271

Further reading 279

Exercises 280

8 Talking about events: the Verbal Group 285

Unit 37 Expressing our experience of events 287

Unit 38 Basic structures of the Verbal Group 293

Unit 39 Organising our experience of events 300

Unit 40 The semantics of phrasal verbs 303

Further reading 310

Exercises 311

9 Viewpoints on events: tense, aspect and modality 315

Unit 41 Expressing location in time through the verb: tense 317

Unit 42 Past events and present time connected: Present Perfect

and Past Perfect 326

Unit 43 Situation types and the Progressive aspect 334

Unit 44 Expressing attitudes towards the event: modality 343

Further reading 355

Exercises 356

10 Talking about people and things: the Nominal Group 359

Unit 45 Expressing our experience of people and things 361

Unit 46 Referring to people and things as definite, indefinite, generic 375

Unit 47 Selecting and particularising the referent: the determiner 381

Unit 48 Describing and classifying the referent: the pre-modifier 392

Unit 49 Identifying and elaborating the referent: the post-modifier 401

Unit 50 Noun complement clauses 410

Further reading 414

Exercises 414

11 Describing persons, things and circumstances:

adjectival and adverbial groups 419

Unit 51 Adjectives and the adjectival group 421

Unit 52 Degrees of comparison and intensification 428

Unit 53 Complementation of the adjective 437

Unit 54 Adverbs and the adverbial group 443

Unit 55 Syntactic functions of adverbs and adverbial groups 448

Unit 56 Modification and complementation in the adverbial group 455

Further reading 459

Exercises 459

12 Spatial, temporal and other relationships: the

Prepositional Phrase 465

Unit 57 Prepositions and the Prepositional Phrase 467

Unit 58 Syntactic functions of the Prepositional Phrase 475

Unit 59 Semantic features of the Prepositional Phrase 479

Further reading 487

Exercises 487

Answer Key 491

Select Bibliography 509

Index 513

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