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English intonation cambridge an introduction

Сумата се прибавя директно в кошницата

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Описание

Contents

Preface ix

1 Introduction 2

1.1 What is intonation? 1

1.2 Prosodic features 3

1.3 Is English a tone language? 4

1.4 The three Ts: tone, tonicity, tonality 6

1.5 The functions of intonation 1 ]

1.6 Intonation in EFL: transfer and interference 12

2 Tone: going up and going down 15

Fall, rise and fall-rise 15

2.1 Faffing and non-falling tones 15

2.2 Falls 17

2.3 Rises 21

2.4 Fall—rises 23

Statements 25

2.5 The definitive fall 25

2.6 The implicational fall-rise 27

2.7 More about the implicational fall-rise 30

2.8 Declarative questions 36

2.9 Uptalk 37

2.10 Yes, no and elliptical answers 38

2.11 Independent rises 41

Questions 42

2.12 Wh questions 42

2.13 Yes-no questions 45

2.14 Tag questions 48

2.15 Independent elliptical questions 52

2.16 Checking 54

Other sentence types 59

2.17 Exclamations 59

2.18 Commands 61

2.19 Interjections and greetings 64

Sequences of tones 69

2.20 Leading and trailing tones 69

2.21 Topic and comment 72

2.22 Open and cl osed lists

2.23 Adverbials

2.24 Fall plus rise

2.25 Tone concord

Tone meanings

2.26 Generalized meanings of different tones

2.27 Checklist of tone meanings

3 Tonicity: where: does the nucleus go?

Basic principles

3.1 On a stressed syllable

3.2 On or near the last word

3.3 Content weirds and function words

3.4 Compounds

3.5 Double-stressed compounds

The old and the new

3.6 Information status

3.7 Synonyms

3.8 Prospective and implied givenness Focus

3.9 Broad and narrow focus

3.10 Contrastive focus

3.11 Pronouns and demonstratives

3.12 Reflexive, reciprocal and indefinite pronouns

3.13 Contrastive focus overrides other factors

3.14 Contrastive focus on polarity or tense

3.15 Dynamic focus

Nucleus on a function word

3.16 Narrow focus: yes-no answers and tags

3.17 Prepositions

3.18 Wh + to be

3.19 Other function words that attract the nucleus

Final, but not nuclear

3.20 Empty words and pro-forms

3.21 Vocatives

3.22 Reporting clauses

3.23 Adverbs of time and place

3.24 Other unfocused adverbs and adverbials

Phrasal verbs

3.25 Verb plus adverbial particle

3.26 Verb plus prepositional particle

3.27 Adverb or preposition?

3.28 Separated particles

Nucleus on the last noun

3.29 Final verbs and adjectives

3.30 Events

Accenting old material 177

3.31 Reusing the other speaker’s words 177

3.32 Reusing your own words 178

What is known? 180

3.33 Knowledge: shared, common and imputed 180

3.34 Difficult cases of tonicity 184

4 Tonality: chunking, or division into IPs 187

4.1 Signalling the structure 187

4.2 Choosing the size of the chunks 191

4.3 Chunking and grammar 193

4.4 Vocatives and imprecations 195

4.5 Adverbials 196

4.6 Heavy noun phrases 198

4.7 Topics 199

4.8 Defining and non-defining 202

4.9 Parallel structures 204

4.10 Tag questions 205

5 Beyond the three Ts 207

Prenuclear patterns 207

5.1 The anatomy of the prenuclear part of the IP 207

5.2 Simple heads 208

5.3 Complex heads 212

5.4 Preheads 214

Finer distinctions of tone 216

5.5 Varieties of fall 216

5.6 Varieties of fall-rise 219

5.7 Varieties of rise 222

5.8 Prenuclear and nuclear tone meaning 225

Non-nuclear accenting 228

5.9 Lexical stress and downgrading 228

5.10 Two or more lexical stresses 230

5.11 The focus domain 233

5.12 Major and minor focus 235

5.13 Unimportant words at the beginning 236

5.14 Onset on a function word 237

Further considerations 240

5.15 Stylization 240

5.16 Key 243

6 Putting it all together 246

6.1 Describing an intonation pattern: the oral examination 246

6.2 Analysing spoken material 248

6.3 Passages for analysis 250

6.3.1 Towels

6.3.2 Getting breakfast

6.3.3 Books

6.3.4 Cornwall