Global shift 7th edition

Contents

List of Abbreviations xv

 

About the Author xix

 

Preface to the Seventh Edition xxi

 

About the Companion Website xxv

 

1 What in the World is Going On? 1

 

The end of the world as we knew it? 1

 

Conflicting perspectives on ‘globalization’ 4

 

Grounding ‘globalization’: geography really does matter 6

 

PART ONE THE CHANGING CONTOURS OF THE GLOBAL

 

ECONOMY 11

 

2 The Centre of Gravity Shifts: Transforming the Geographies

 

of the Global Economy 13

 

The importance of taking a long view: the imprint of

 

past geographies 14

 

Roller-coasters and interconnections 16

 

Global shifts: the changing contours of the global economic map 24 The centre of gravity has shifted 35

 

PART TWO PROCESSES OF GLOBAL SHIFT 47

 

3 Tangled Webs: Unravelling Complexity in the Global Economy 49

 

Connections, connections 50

 

Institutional macro-structures of the global economy 52

 

Global production networks 54

 

Even in a globalizing world, economic activities are

 

geographically localized 67

 

Networks of networks 71

 

4 Technological Change: ‘Gales of Creative Destruction’ 74

 

Technology and economic transformation 75

 

Processes of technological change: an evolutionary perspective 75

Time-space shrinking technologies 83

 

Technoiogicai innovations in products, production systems and

 

organizational forms 99

 

Geographies of innovation 106

 

5 Transnational Corporations: The Primary ‘Movers and

 

Shapers’of the Global Economy 114

 

The myth of the ‘global’ corporation 115

 

Why firms transnationalize 118

 

How firms transnationalize 123

 

TNCs as ‘networks within networks’ 130

 

Configuring the TNCs’internal networks 136

 

TNCs within networks of externalized relationships 153

 

Perpetual change: reshaping TNCs’ internal and external networks 165

 

6 The State Really Does Matter 173

 

The state is dead’- oh no it isn’t! 174

 

States as containers 178

 

States as regulators 183

 

States as collaborators 207

 

PART THREE WINNING AND LOSING IN THE GLOBAL

 

ECONOMY 227

 

7 The Uneasy Relationship Between Transnational Corporations

 

and States: Dynamics of Conflict and Collaboration 229

 

The ties that bind 230

 

Bargaining processes between TNCs and states 233

 

8 ‘Capturing Value’ within Global Production Networks 251

 

Placing places in GPNs 251

 

Creating, enhancing and capturing value in GPNs 253

 

Upgrading (or downgrading) of local economies within GPNs 258

 

9 Destroying Value? Environmental Impacts of

 

Global Production Networks 279

 

Production-distribution-consumption as a system of materials

 

flows and balances 280

 

Disturbing the delicate balance of life on earth:

 

damaging the earth’s atmosphere 282

 

Fouling the nest: creating, disposing and recycling waste 292

 

10 Winning and Losing: Where You Live Really Matters 304

 

Location matters 305

 

Incomes and poverty 308

 

Where will the jobs come from? 322

 

Populations on the move 340

11 Making the World a Better Place 354

 

The best of all possible worlds’? 355

 

TNCs and corporate social responsibility , 357

 

States and issues of global governance 363

 

A better world? 380

 

PART FOUR THE PICTURE IN DIFFERENT SECTORS 393

 

12 ‘Making Holes in the Ground’: The Extractive Industries 395

 

Beginning at the beginning 396

 

Production circuits in the extractive industries 397

 

Global shifts in the extractive industries 400

 

Volatile demand 402

 

Technologies of exploring, extracting, refining, distributing 404

 

The centrality of state involvement in the extractive industries 408 Corporate strategies in the extractive industries 413

 

Resources, reserves and futures 419

 

13 ‘We Are What We Eat’: The Agro-food Industries 423

 

Transformation of the food economy: the ‘local’ becomes ‘global’ 424 Agro-food production circuits 425

 

Global shifts in the high-value agro-food industries 427

 

Consumer choices - and consumer resistances 430

 

Transforming technologies in agro-food production 433

 

The role of the state 437

 

Corporate strategies in the agro-food industries 440

 

14 ‘Fabric-ating Fashion’: The Clothing Industries 451

 

A highly controversial industry 452

 

The clothing production circuit 452

 

Global shifts in the clothing industries 453

 

Changing patterns of consumption 454

 

Technology and production costs 456

 

The role of the state 460

 

Corporate strategies in the clothing industries 462

 

Regionalizing production networks in the clothing industries 469

 

15 ‘Wheels of Change’: The Automobile Industry 477

 

All change? 478

 

The automobile production circuit 478

 

Global shifts in automobile production and trade 480

 

Changing patterns of consumption 482

 

Technoiogicai change in the automobile industry 484

 

The role of the state 487

 

Corporate strategies in the automobile industry 489

 

Regionalizing production networks in the automobile industry 499